gpamela/history/v_100.txt

#
# $Id$
#
# $Log$
#
#CMZ :  3.00/00 11/02/2002  20.05.23  by  Unknown
#CMZ :  2.03/00 06/11/2000  02.14.56  by  Francesco Cafagna
#CMZ :  2.02/00 12/10/2000  19.22.54  by  Francesco Cafagna
#CMZ :  2.01/01 05/04/2000  14.37.24  by  Marialuigia Ambriola
#CMZU:  2.01/00 05/04/2000  09.51.04  by  Unknown
#CMZ :  2.00/00 03/03/2000  15.22.27  by  Francesco Cafagna
#CMZ :  1.02/00 15/02/2000  10.19.51  by  Francesco Cafagna
#CMZ :  1.01/00 23/05/96  16.59.29  by  Francesco Cafagna
#CMZ :  1.00/03 30/04/96  12.23.59  by  Francesco Cafagna
#CMZ :  1.00/02 05/04/96  15.31.25  by  Francesco Cafagna
#CMZ :  1.00/01 28/11/95  18.51.23  by  Francesco Cafagna
#-- Author :    Francesco Cafagna   28/11/95
11 February 2002, Bari

MACRO CLEAN-UP

   Before the new release a bit of macro clean-up. Both GPEXE and
   GPXINT in the $KUMACS directory have been cleaned. Some commented
   out code has been deleted and the g77 option flags and libraries
   updated.

LIBGARFIELD-7.A ADDED TO THE MACRO

   The libgarfield-7.a library has been permanently added to the GPEXE
   and GPXINT macro. So the user doesn't need to pass it through the
   uslib macro flag.

 8 February 2002, Bari

SUBROUTINE cross.f renamed crossgar.f in the GARFIELD library.
   To avoid a bad interference between GEANT and GARFIELD due
   to the same name adopted for two different functions, one in
   GEANT and the other in GARFIELD, the function cross.f, in the
   GARFIELD library, named libgarfield-7.a, has been renamed
   crossgar.f.

 5 February 2002, Bari

HIT and CWN revised for TRD
   The TRD HIT structure has been extended to include the infos about TR
   process. The TRD structure is now:
#      DATA (CHTRD(I),I=1,12)/'XIN ','YIN ','ZIN ','XOUT','YOUT','ZOUT',
#     +           'EREL','PATH','IPAR','P0  ','ETR ','NTR '/
#+SELF,IF=GARFIELD
#      DATA CHTRD(13),CHTRD(14)/'EGAR','NGAR'/
#+SELF.
   where ETR and NTR are respectively the energy and the number of photons
   converted in the gas mixture in the straw tube for TR, EREL is now the
   energy released in the straw for ionization by GEANT, which must be zero
   when GARFIELD is on.
   The TRD CWN structure has been modified also:
   -ELOSTRD is the energy released for ionization by GEANT (EREL in the HIT
    structure),
   -ETRTRD is the energy released for TR (ETR in the HIT structure),
   -NTRTRD is the number of TR photons (NTR in the HIT structure),
   -ERELTRD is now the the total energy released in a straw (the sum of
    EGARTRD and ETRTRD).

TRANSITION RADIATION PROCESS IMPLEMENTED IN THE GPAMELA CODE
   A new subroutine, GPXTR (called by GUSTEP), has been written to
   generate the transition radiation (TR) spectrum in the TRD carbon fibers
   radiators for charged tracks with a Lorentz factor greater than 100
   (standard GEANT3.21 does not). The emission of TR spectrum, depending
   on the atomic number and the velocity of the particle and the length of
   the track in the radiator, is simulated following analytical formulas
   (see for example M.L. Cherry et al., Phys. Rev. D10 (1974), 3594).
   Once a TR spectrum is produced, it is partially absorbed by dead
   material (radiator itself and kapton walls of the straw tubes) before
   reaching the Xe-C02 mixture inside the straw tubes where it is partially
   absorbed and partially transmitted. The absorbed spectrum in Xe-C02
   is finally converted in a suitable number of TR photons of suitable energy.
   The model of TR emission is referred to a regular radiator. Also, but not
   only for this reason, this model of simulation was carefully tuned with TRD
   test-beam measurements (PS and SPS at CERN).

ZEBRA MEMORY PROBLEM SOLVED IN THE JVERTX DATA STRUCTURE
   To record the initial kinematic of a track and save it till the end
   of the event, the elements of the vector IFLGK(IG) were put to 1 in
   GUSTEP, where IG is the particle number in the current step. In this
   way, the vertixes of all particles, except neutrinos, were stored in
   the permanent data structure JVERTEX. Due to the limit in the ZEBRA
   structural links, fixed to 64K links, the data structure JVERTEX was
   easily exceeded in memory giving a fatal error with a crash of the
   GPAMELA program. For this reason the IFLGK(IG) is now put to 0 for
   each secondary particle and the particle is stored only on the
   temporary stack JSTAK to be transported.

 14 may 2001, Bari

SCALE FACTOR TO PACK THE HIT VALUE OF MOMENTUM IN TRD INCREASED
   The FHTRD(10) scale factor applied before packing the hit value of
   momentum in TRD has been increased from 1.E3 to 1.E7 in the GPDHIT
   data common. With this value an accuracy of 1/10 of keV can be estimated.

 9 may 2001, Bari

IONIZATION IN TRD'S STRAW TUBES SWITCHED OFF IN GEANT
   The ILOSS,(IMULS) and IDRAY variables have been set to zero in the
   GPXE routine (variable LOSSXE, DRAYXE (and MULSXE)). In this way the
   energy loss for ionization in the straw tubes is generated only from
   GARFIELD. To store the energy loss by GARFIELD in the hit structure
   of TRD (routine GPUTRD), the IMEC control flag, which controls the
   presence of the ionization by GEANT, has been eliminate in GPUTRD.
   To avoid to store photons in the hit structure of the TRD it has
   been added a control on the charge of the particle.

TRACK COMMAND CALLED BY GPGARIN
   The track command of GARFIELD is now initialized in GPGARIN and
   passed by user with the GAFI key.
   With this command the options for the cluster generation can be set.

TRD IONIZATION ENERGY LOSS GENERATED NOW BY GARFIELD
   To generate the ionization in the TRD straw tubes the HEED program
   interfaced by GARFIELD is used (GEANT does not simulate the ionization
   in thin layer and in the gas, correctly). The idea is that GEANT tracks
   the particle in the gas and then passes the coordinates, translated in
   the DRS, to GARFIELD. The GARFIELD subroutines are called by GPUTRD.
   The energy loss and the number of clusters in TRD are stored in the
   variables EGARTRD and NGARTRD of the CWN-tplu.

 1 May 2001, Bari

GPGARIN CALLED BY UGINIT
   The call to GPGARIN has been added in UGINIT

NEW KEY ADDED: GAFI

   A new key has been added to pass the file name and logical unit to
   be used by GARFIELD in reading in the &GAS and &CELL definition. To
   implement the key as usual a 21 words long integer vector has been
   added to $GPKEY and init in $GPDKEY: NGARFILE.

   GAFI keyword has been defined in FFKEY routine.

   As usual in FFUSER routine an action has been defined in case of
   the *GAFI call. Simply the first word of NGARFILE is passed into
   LUGAR variable and the remaining words converted to carachter into
   CHGAR variable. Both LUGAR and CHGAR have been added to the GPUNIT
   common.

GARFIELD COMMONS ADDED: $XINPUT, $INPUT
   These sequences has been added into the GPGAR patch.

GARFIELD FILE READOUT ADDED
   GPGAIN has been modified to add the file readout. The file logical
   unit and name are passed to the GARFIELD routine DSNOPN to open
   it. The LUN variable in the INPUT common is set to the LUGAR value
   as well.

   Both GARFIELD, $INPUT, and GPAMELA, $GPUNIT, sequences containing
   the above variables have been added to the deck.

NEW FLAG ADDED: GARFIELD
   To select all the GARFIELD code the flag GARFIELD must be used !

GPEXE AND GPXINT KUMACS UPDATED
   To enable the use of and user flag and libraries both kumacs have
   been updated adding the USFLAG and USLIB input variables.

ALL GARFIELD COMMONS COPIED to GPGAR
   All the commons (sequences) from //garfield-7/commons have been
   copied to the gPGAR patchy.

DIMENSIONS SEQUENCE ADDED TO GPGARIN
   To avoid confusions in the PARAMETER settings, i.s. max value of
   something, the common DIMENSIONS has been added.

30 April 2001, Bari

NEW PATCH CREATED: GPGAR
   A new Patch has been created in the main file: GPGAR. This patch
   should contain all the subroutines (deck) related to the
   GPAMELA-GARFIELD (HEED) interface.

NEW DECK ADDED: GPGAIN
   This subroutine (deck) should contain the GARFIELD initialization
   and the readout of the init file. This file has the same structure
   of the "macro" file used by garfield.
   This routine has been adapted from the original GARFIELD main.
   Several sections (Headers in the GARFIELD jargon) have been skipped.

NEW SEQUENCES ADDED: $XPRINTPLOT,$PRINTPLOT

   These are used ($PRINTPLOT mainly) by GPGAIN. These have been added
   to the GPGAR patch for the moment. Will see later if an "ad hoc"
   patch should be created for the GARFIELD commons.

6 april 2001, Bari

   A new common block, GPTOTR, has been created to store the Transition
   Radiation (TR) informations useful for the user. The variables of this
   common block are initialized to zero in GPUTRE, filled in the subroutine
   GPUSTEP and declared in GPHBK for booking in the Ntuple.

   The definition of the ITRSO detector has been changed in the GPSED routine:
   NVTRD has been forced to 2 for compatibility with GPDTRD.

3 april 2001, Bari


28 march 2001, Bari

   ITRSO has been defined as a sensitive detector in GSTMED routine and it has
   been assigned as a detector in the JSET data structure by the GSDET routine.
   It is because the information of the path in the kapton is needed for the
   the transition radiation simulation. The hit parameters for this
   detector are not defined and the hit structure is not filled by the routine
   GPUTRD because it is not of physical interest.

20 march 2001, Bari

   BUG FOUND: ISVOL, FIELDM, TMAXFD, STEMAX, EPSIL, STMIN were declared in
   two different common blocks: GPMED and GCTMED. These variables have been
   respectively renamed FIELDMGP, TMAXFDGP, STEMAXGP, EPSILGP, STMINGP in the
   GPMED common block.

23 December 2000, Bari

BUG FOUND: Radiation length for nitrogen had the value for nitrogen
   liquid instead of the nitrogen gas. It has been changed for the
   nitrogen gas.

14 November 2000, Trieste

KAOL volume name changed into CAKA
GLUE volume name changed into CAGL
KAPT volume name changed into CAKP
   All the subroutines referring to these volumes have been changed
   accordingly. Now all the calorimeter's name are in the gpamela standard.

BUG FOUND: volume CG10C had a name longer than 4 letters and was confused
   with volume CG10; fixed, CG10C volume name changed into C10C and variable
   CG10C into C10C, all the subroutines referring to this volume and this
   variable have been changed accordingly.

BUG FOUND: with the data card "SPTM 'W2  '" enabled gpamela crash due memory
   fault in the case of electrons with energy greater than ~15 GeV.
   NOT ALREADY FIXED!!! A temporary solution is to disable "SPTM 'W2  '".

ANTICOINCIDENCE UPDATED.
   Dimension of CAS and dimension and shape of CAT changed following
   Jens indication.
   Added the aluminum anti-coincidence cradles.

 NEW VOLUMES ADDED: CSSX, CSSY, CATH, CATF, CATO, CATP.
  To take account of the cradles and of the new shape of CAT.
  To allow the correct disposition of CAS two variable (CASXD,CASYD)
  has been added.
  The sequences: $GPGEO and $GPDGEO, as well as the routines:
  GPCASV, GPCATV and GPDAT has been modified to take account of changement.
  CAS quote is now different from the SPEC one: ZCAS=51.25  (ZSPEC=50.6)

 6 November 2000, Trieste

NEW MACRO ADDED: GPCONDOR.KUMAC
  The macro condor.kumac has been added to compile a non interactive
  version of gpamela to be run under condor.

SPTM for G10C upgraded.
  Now it is important to enable ALWAYS the SPTM 'CE  ' 'SICA' 'G10C' 'W2  '
  to obtain the correct data from calorimeter.

 6 November 2000, LNGS
::::::::> VERSION NUMBER UPDATED <::::::::
  The version number has been updated to: 2.03/00.

NEW DATA CARDS ADDED: CAS, CAT, TOF, TRD, SPE, CAL, S4
   To allow the simulation of a detector geometry without the physics,
   i.e. hits, and/or the n-tple, new data cards have been added: CAS,
   CAT, TOF, TRD, SPE, CAL, S4. All of them work in the same way. The
   user can define NVOL, NPHY, NHBK for each card. These user options
   perform:
    - NVOL, similar to the NDET actions, the whole detector is NOT
      simulated
    - NPHY, just the physics is not simulated. SET, DETECTOR
      and HITS definitions are skipped and the n-tple as well.
    - NHBK, just the n-tple is disabled

   The NVOL option does automatically set the other two, while the NPHY
   option does set the NHBK one. The old NDET card is kept for
   compatibility but does still have the priority on these cards,
   i.e. if the user does requires a detector cancellation via NDET the
   action is considered as the NVOL option and the card content is not
   even checked. For example:
      NDET 'TOF '
      TOF 'NHBK'
   Is considered as a request for TOF cancellation, the program does
   not disable just the TOF n-tple.

   As usual the $GPDKEY, $GPKEY, GPFFR and GPDAT banks and routines
   have been modified. A new logical variable for each detector has
   been introduced to control the NPHY action: PCAS, PCAT, PTOF, PTRD,
   PSPE, PCAL, PS4. These variables are now controlling the definition
   of SETS, DETECTORS and HITS into GPSED and GPHIT routines. With
   these also the GUDIGI has been modified and the detector
   digitization is performed if the Pxxx variable is TRUE for each
   detector.

   NOTE: S4 is not jet separated from the TOF !!!!!! So the TOF data
         card does eliminate S4. S4 data card does nothing

30 October 2000, Trieste

CHANGED MISURE UNIT FOR CALORIMETER ENERGY
  The energy is now stored in MIP in the entuple. 1 MIP = 108.5200 KeV obtained
  from the Landau distribution fo the energy in the strips in the case of a
  run of muons of 40 GeV.
  To take account of this change $GPUCAL and $GPDHIT has been modified.
  IMPORTANT: to obtain the correct energy value for the calorimeter the
  Special Tracking Parameter "SICA" MUST be enabled!!

12 October 2000, LNGS
::::::::> VERSION NUMBER UPDATED <::::::::
  The version number has been updated to: 2.02/00.

NEW VOLUMES ADDED: CAPD, CAAD
  Actually the calorimeter last plane has been substituted by the
  read-out cards. So the plane will be replaced by two aluminum
  support for the g10 electronics cards. So to account for this
  modification two new volumes have been created: CAPD, CAAD. CAPD is
  exactly the same as CAPL but it doesn't contain the glue, kapton and
  silicon sandwich. CAAD is the absorber, CAAB, but with the tungsten
  replaced by the aluminum.

  To allow changes in the number of dummy planes the variable NCAPLD
  has been added, it has the same function of the NCAPL one. So a
  general loop on the number of this dummy planes has been implemented
  in GPCALV to position them into CALB.

  The sequences: $GPGEO and $GPDGEO, as well as the routines: GPDAT,
  GPCALV, has been modified to account for the dimension calculation,
  the definition and positioning of these new volumes respectively.

NEW DATA CARD ADDED: NCPL
  To exclude from the simulation any calorimeter silicon plane a new
  data card has been added: NCPL. This is an array of 44 integer, one
  for each calorimeter plane. The user can enter the plane number
  corresponding to the excluded one in any of this 44
  location. Please note that the original numbering will be kept for
  compatibility, i.e. the remaining plane will be numbered as there
  was the full calorimeter simulation. The correspondence between the
  random 44 data card and the plane to be excluded is done in the
  GPDAT routine.
  The sequences $GPKEY and $GPDKEY has been modified, routines:
  GPDAT, GPFFR, GPCALV as well.

NEW DATA CARD ADDED: NCSI
  To exclude from the simulation any of the 9 silicon detector in any
  silicon calorimeter plane a new data card has been added: NCSI. It
  works like the NCPL but having to specify 9 integer instead of
  44. Also in this case the original numbering in the plane is
  preserved. The same routines and sequences as for NCPL have been
  modified

NEW DATA CARD ADDED: NCAB
  To exclude from the simulation any of the 22 calorimeter absorber
  planes a new data card has been added: NCAB. It works like the
  previous two but using 22 integers. The original numbering is
  preserved as well. The same routines and sequences as for NCPL and
  NCSI have been modified.

11 October 2000, LNGS

Bug found in $GPMAT
  The new material number for the detector were declared but not
  included in the common. Fixed.

GPEXE kumac updated
  Has been dofied to account for the ALPHA UNIX case.
  libcrypt library has been disabled and the f77 compiler has been used as
  default one.

10 October 2000, LNGS

GPXINT kumac updated
  Some modification done in GPXINT. It does now consider the case ALPHA
  UNIX and define f77 as compiler and does not use the libcrypt.

9 October 2000, Trieste

NEW VOLUMES ADDED: KAOL, KAPT, GLUE
  An upgrade of the calorimeter structure is done; it's introduced the fine
  structure of the plane with Kaolinita (an insulator), Kapton and Glue.
  So to account for this modification three new volumes have been created:
  CAKA, CAKP and CAGL.

NEW MIXTURE ADDED: W2, CERA, G10C
  W2 is the correct tungsten/nichel/copper mixture that compose an absorber
  plane of the calorimeter
  CERA is Kaolinite, an electric insulator for the calorimeter
  G10C is the mixture of the electronic cards of the calorimeter; this
       mixture is used instead of G10 in the old volume CG10.

  To implement these cards the following routines and commons have
  been modified: GPMAT, GPMED.

3 NEW DATA CARDS added to tag tracking parameters of these new materials

   With these cards is now possible to set any of the five tracking
   parameters: TMAXFD, STEMAX, DEEMAX, EPSIL and STMIN; for each of
   the new 3 tracking media.  Every data card is a real vector of 5
   elements, that store respectively TMAXFD, STEMAX, DEEMAX, EPSIL and
   STMIN. These elements are passed to the GSTMED routine call in the
   GPMED procedure.

   To implement these cards the following routines and commons have
   been modified: $GPKEY, $GPDKEY, GPDAT, GPMED, GPFFR. Each data card
   value is initialized to -1111. in $GPDKEY. These cards are checked
   for selection in GPMED. If these cards have been set these values
   override the ones set by the global data cards: TMAX, STMA, DEEM,
   EPSI, STMI; or the defaults set in GPDAT.

CHANGED DIMENSIONS OF VOLUMES FOR CALORIMETER
  The following routines and data set are changed to take account of the
  correct dimensions of the calorimeter: GPGEO, GPCALV, GPDAT.

6 April 2000, Bari
::::::::> VERSION NUMBER UPDATED <::::::::
  The version number has been updated to: 2.01/01.

5 April 2000, Bari
::::::::> VERSION NUMBER UPDATED <::::::::
  The version number has been set to: 2.01/00, updating all the decks.

5 April 2000, Bari
14 NEW DATA CARDS added to tag tracking parameters of each material.

   With these cards is now possible to set any of the five tracking
   parameters: TMAXFD, STEMAX, DEEMAX, EPSIL and STMIN; for each of
   the fourteen tracking media.  Every data card is a real vector of 5
   elements, that store respectively TMAXFD, STEMAX, DEEMAX, EPSIL and
   STMIN. These elements are passed to the GSTMED routine call in the
   GPMED procedure.

   To implement these cards the following routines and commons have
   been modified: $GPKEY, $GPDKEY, GPDAT, GPMED, GPFFR. Each data card
   value is initialized to -1111. in $GPDKEY. These cards are checked
   for selection in GPMED. If these cards have been set these values
   override the ones set by the global data cards: TMAX, STMA, DEEM,
   EPSI, STMI; or the defaults set in GPDAT.


6 March 2000, Bari
PAW MEMORY incremented in GPCDES:
   The paw memory has been set to 36.65E6 words, because of the
   incremented maximum number of hits in the TRD (from 100 to 200).

TRD hits increased in GPCDES:
   The maximum number of hits has been set equal to 200 instead of 100.
   Like calorimeter, for TRD is no more necessary to modify both the
   maximum number of hits, in sequence $GPPHIT, and the HBNAME call
   in GPHBK routine. The CWN block is now booked directly using the
   maximum number of hit found in the $GPPHIT parameters. If the number
   of hits is greater than 200, the GPDTRD sets the last hit equal to 201
   and exit. In this way all the CWN variables corresponding to this hit
   are null for the TRD.

3 March 2000, Bari
GPXINT macro modified
   This macro now save gpamela[grap].f code file instead of a simple
   gpamela.f . This is to avoid conflicts with the GPEXE macro that
   create the executable to be used in batch mode. Please note that
   [grap] is tipically, 99.999% of the time, set to X11.

1 March 2000, Bari
New DATA CARDS PHI and THETA added:
   These data cards have been introduced to select a range for
   the zenith (THETA) and the azimuth (PHI).
   With these cards the user can override the default values: [0,90]
   and [0.360] degree, respectively for THETA and PHI, choosing its own
   maximum and minimum values.
   If these values are equal the generation is performed at a fixed
   angle for all the events.

No more flat generation on cos**2(THETA)
   The flat generation on cos**2(THETA) has been deleted in GUKINE.

29 feb 2000, Bari
HBOOK Filename corrected.
   The HBOOK user filename, passed via *HBFI card, was
   incorrect. Unwanted character were added at the end of the
   string. It has been fixed initializing the data card variable to
   the null string.

MEMORY incremented in GPCDES:
   The memory of paw and geant have been increased to process
   electrons of 200 GeV, both for interactive and not-interactive
   case. In particular, the geant memory is set now to 3500000 words
   and the paw memory to 35.42E6 words.  This increment is taking into
   account the augmented number of hits for the calorimeter (It is now
   possible to store an hit for each of the 4224 calorimeter
   channels).

Calorimeter hits increased in GPCDES:
   To store all hits produced in the calorimeter, its maximum number
   of hits has been set equal to its number of channels (4224).  For
   this detector is no more necessary to modify both the maximum
   number of hits, in sequence $GPPHIT, and the HBNAME call in GPHBK
   routine. The CWN block is now booked directly using the maximum
   number of hit found in the $GPPHIT parameters.

Insufficient number of bits for variable CASI in GPSED:
   The number of bits in which to pack the copy number of volume CASI is
   now  4 instead of 3.

S4 hit structure modified.
   Because of its position S4 was overwhelmed by particles produced in
   the calorimeter. This caused an abnormal use of memory, for this
   detector, having to store a number of hits larger than the
   maximum. Now S4 hits are stored in a calorimeter-like fashion using
   the GSCHIT routine instead of the GSAHIT one. This forces the
   number of hit to one and sums up just the energy released into the
   scintillator. For this purpose also the position of the energy
   released variable has been changed placing it at the end of the hit
   record.
24 FEB 2000, BARI
Paolo "bachetto" fixed
   In GPDTRD the "filling" index INDEX has been substituted with I.

IRUN and IEVNT increment
   These variables were not incremented. Now they are set initially in
   GPDAT; initial value is the one set by RUNG GEANT general data
   card. IEVNT is then incremented into GUTREV at the beginning of
   each new event. IRUN is left untouched.

23 Feb 2000, Bari
New data card GEN enabled.
   Data card GEN was implemented but not enabled ..... (See 20
   Mar. 1997 notes) It has been enabled now setting XYZGEN vector to
   -1111 in the $GPDKEY data declaration sequence for $GPKEY
   common. In GPDAT it will check if these values have been
   overwritten by the GEN data card and take appropriate action in
   GUKINE.

15 Feb 2000, Bari
::::::::> VERSION NUMBER UPDATED <::::::::
  The version number has been updated in its release part: 1.02/00, is the
  actual version.

11 Feb 2000, Bari
Changes in TRD geometry. GPTRDV modified.

1. Now TRSO is inside TRSI. For this, the external radius of
   TRSI has been set equal to the external radius of TRSO. Data
   assignment in GPGEO modified.
2. Each TRBS volume (the Trd Boxes for Sraw Tubes) has been shifted
   to avoid dead spaces between two adjacent modules.
   For this, the two lateral TRBS boxes of the planes with 3 modules have
   been shifted of one TRSI radius, the central boxes of the planes with
   4 modules have been shifted of an half radius while the lateral
   boxes have been shifted of 3/2 radius.

Subroutine GSCHIT modified in GPUCAL
   There was an error. All the quantities were cumulatively summed up
   instead of just the energy. This caused a missalignment of the hits.
   Now just the energy is summed up.

19 Gen. 1999, Bari
Paolo "bachetto" fixed
   In GPDSPE the "filling" index INDEX has been substituted with I.
31 Dec. 1999, Barletta
TRD dimensions reviewed
   The angular pieces have been reviewed. In the actual design they
   are "L" shaped. Here they are simulated as square piaces 3.5x3.5 cm^2,
   2mm thick.
   The TRD virtual box TRDB has been reviewd as well. It is now tall:
   10 frames plus 11 angular pieces plus one top piece.


30 Dec. 1999, Barletta
TRD dimensions reviewed
   Based on the original Aereostudi drawings the TRFR volume dimenions
   have been reviewd. The frame is 350mm in length, 380mm width, 4mm
   tick. The frame itself is 35mm width.
   The 32 straw module as an overall length of 361mm, for placement
   easiness 360mm has been used.
   WARNING: The angle piece is .5mm taller than the module!
            Once again 2cm has been used instead of 2.05mm, for easiness.

 5 Nov. 1999, LNGS
GPHBK Modified
   The strip number is now 32 instead of 22, the CWN has been modified
   accordingly on both long an short version.

TRD Frames added.
   Two new volumes added: TRFR, TRFI. TRFR is the carbon fiber frame,
   TRFI is the internal volume. These frames have been added into the
   $GPGEO, $GPDGEO definitions and into GPTRDV routine as well.

22 Oct. 1999, Bari
NEW magnetic field read-out
   Instead of a raw binary file the magnetic field has been saved into a
   CWN-tplu stored in a RZ file. This guarantees portability between
   different OS.  In GPDAT the FIELD is read-out from the CWN.

CWN booking and filling reviewd.
   CWN-tplue structure reviewed. All the variable names have been unified
   and updated accordingly to the new hit structure.
   The CWN fill has been reviewed as well.

HLON Data card introduced.
   To select a more detailed, let's say verbose, CWN-tple a new
   card has been introduced. Setting HLON 1, the long version will be
   selected.

PAOLO flag declared OBSOLETE !!!
   See the next entry.

SPE DIGI structure OBSOLETE !!!
   The spectrometer DIGI structure has been declared obolete by the author.
   Dr. Papini forced Dr. Cafagna to move all the routines: GPSPEHD and GPSDINI,
   from the directory GPSPE to the newly created GPOBSOLETE one.
   The GPDSPE common has been commented out as well.

HIT structure reviewed.
   Hit structure has been reviewed. For all detectors the volume PAME
   and the detector container have been deleted. So the detector
   identifier has been reduced by two numbers.
   Besides the SPE hit structure has been enlarged adding the IPAR
   hit, storing the particle number.
   The CALO hit structure has been reduced eliminating the IPA0 and
   PA0 hits from the structure.
   All the routines and commons pertaning to the hit structure has
   been reviewd and updated.

21 Oct. 1999, Bari
DZSH data card added
   A new data card DZSH has been added to adjust the height of the external
   shel : SHEL.

NDET flag changed. SPHE instead of SPHI
   The data card NDET 'SPHI' is now obsolete.
   The data card NDET 'SPHE' is now used to select spherical or flat
   top. Using NDET 'SPHE' one automatically delete the spherical top
   and substituted it with a flat one.
TSHE name changed into TFLA
   TSHE volume has been named into TFLA. All the subroutines
   referring to this volume have been changed accordingly.

TSHI name changed into TSPH
   TSHI volume has been named into TSPH. All the subroutines
   referring to this volume have been changed accordingly.

SHEI deleted
   SHEI is no more created neither positioned inside PAMELA.
   GPGEO has been modified accordingly, besides the dimensions are
   left into the $GPGEO common.

S4 quote changed
   S4 is now automatically positioned underneath the calorimeter box.
   ZS4 is calclulated in GPDAT

CAS dimensions and positions modified
   CAS is now a single counter instead of Five.
   CAS dimensions modified after PAOLO simulation and Tom design. Here
   are the new dimensions:
        DATA CASX/15.25,0.55,5*4.6/
        DATA CASY/0.55,14.75,5*4.6/
   CAS position inside PAMELA has been modified accordingly in GPGEO.

CAT dimension modified
   CAT dimensions modified after PAOLO simulation and Tom design. Here
   are the new dimensions:
        DATA CATB/22.05,21.05,0.55/
        DATA CATL/15.75,6.675,0.55/
        DATA CATT/6.3,14.375,0.55/
        DATA ZCAT/75.75/

SC13/4 name modified in SC21/2
   SC13/4 name have been changed. So all the occurences of SC13/4 string have
   been changed accordingly. This means that also the name of the
   volumes, detectos, hits etc. etc. referring to SC13/4 have been changed
   in SC21/2

SC2n name modified in SC3n
   SC2n name have been changed. So all the occurences of SC2 string have
   been changed accordingly. This means that also the name of the
   volumes, detectos, hits etc. etc. referring to SC2n have been changed
   in SC2n
.
S14 name modified in S22
   S14 name have been changed. So all the occurences of S14 string have
   been changed accordingly. This means that also the name of the
   volumes, detectos, hits etc. etc. referring to S14 have been changed
   to S22.

S13 name modified in S21
   S13 name have been changed. So all the occurences of S13 string have
   been changed accordingly. This means that also the name of the
   volumes, detectos, hits etc. etc. referring to S13 have been changed
   to S21.

S2n name modified in S3n
   S2n name have been changed. So all the occurences of S2 string have
   been changed accordingly. This means that also the name of the
   volumes, detectos, hits etc. etc. referring to S2n have been changed
   to S3n.

S3 name modified in S4
   S3 name have been changed. So all the occurences of S3 string have
   been changed accordingly. This means that also the name of the
   volumes, detectos, hits etc. etc. referring to S3 have been changed
   to S4.

CALO modified
.....
$GPDGEO modified
   Magnet dimensions where wrong !!!!! Internal not bending half
   dimension is 6.55cm. External not bending half dimension is
   11.4cm. So now:
           DATA MGPL/12.,11.4,4.05/
           DATA MGPI/8.05,6.55,4.05/
GPGEO mod.
   GPGEO has been modified. The TRD doesn't have an external box
   anymore. So, volume definitions for TRDS & TRDT have been left in
   GPTRDV but they are no more placed into PAME mother volume.
20 Mar. 1997, Bari
GPXINT update
  Using an UNIX machine I have update GPXINT to create executable on a
  UNIX machine. To be used on alboot I created the WORK kumac.

#GPAMELA updated
  The pilot patchy, *GPAMELA, was updated inserting the GPHYS patchy.

GPDTOFx routien deleted
  The old digitization routine GPDTOFx, x being 'T' 'M' 'B', has been
  deleted in the patchy GPTOF.

CHERENKOV detector deleted
  All the GPCHE patchy containing CHERENKOV specific code has been deleted.
  All the other routines containing code specific for the Cherenkov
  has been updated and the cherenkov code deleted.
  Please note that the AEROGEL definitio are still in place.

NEW GENERATION SURFACE DEFINITION
  The generation surface is now definited in GPDAT using the S11
  dimentions. New variables have been added to the GPGEO common: XGEN,
  YGEN, ZGEN, XDGEN, YDGEN; representing the origin, quote and
  dimentions of the generation surface.

NEW DATA CARD ADDED GEN
  With this data card the user can pass all the five above mentioned
  geneeration surface variables.

19 Mar. 1997, Bari
CASD and NCAS data card gone.
  This card are no more needed for the calorimeter.

GPDAT UPDATE
  GPDAT has been updated checking the SSTR new data card to look for
  new DELTA2 parameter passed.

CALO user division removed.
  It's no more possible to choose between a whole silicon plane or
  smaller block.

18 Mar. 1997, Bari
New PATCH added GPHYS
  A new patch has been added GPHYS to store the PHYSICS related routines.

GFLUCT routine copied from GEANT code
  The GFLUCT routine has been copied from the GEANT code. This routine
  takes care of the energy fluctuations inside each "physics" routine
  in GEANT.

Gaussian straggling added to the GFLUCT routine
  The gaussian straggling has been adedd to the GFLUVT routine. This
  routine has been modified adding at the end the Paolo Paini code to
  calculate the straggling into the silicons detectors. The DELTA2
  parameters needed for the calculation has been retrived from the
  JMATE structure.

NEW CMZ flag added: NOGFLUCT
  This new flag select the place in wich the straggling is
  calculating. The default is into GFLUCT routine, a GEANT routine
  miodified for us. Using this flag the straggling will be selected
  into the GPUSPE and GPUCAL routine. This means that is calulated
  after each step in a given detector.

User words added to JMATE structure
  The variables needed for the gaussian straggling have been added to
  the Silicon material definition for both calorimeter and tracking.

New data card added: SSTR
  SSTR data card added. This word controls the gaussian straggling in
  silicon. The first word is the straggling flag, the other two are
  the DELTA2 for calorimeter and tracker. See $INFORM for details.

17 Mar. 1997, Bari
GAUSSIAN straggling added to the calorimeter
  The gaussian straggling after the ionization losses has been adedd
  to the calorimeter too. Before saving an hit into GPUCAL the
  gaussian straggling has been added. This depend on the path in the
  silicon also, the PATH variable is stored entering the volume and
  the PATH calculated before adding the straggling.


Adjusting the DIGI spectrometer structure
  The gaussian straggling has been added into the GPUSPE routine when
  the particle is leaving the detector: IACT = 3.

15 Mar. 1997, Bari
NEW hits for CAS and CAT
  CAT and CAS hits are now the same as the TOF.
  TIME and P0 has been added to the hit structure.
  All the routine involved, GPDCAS and CAT, GPUCAS and CAT, GPHBK and
  the commons $GPCAS, $GPCAT have been modified, as well.


 6-7 Mar. 1997, Bari

NEW geometry for TRD
   TRD geometry has been reviewed. There are no more three different
   sets of straw tube, depending on the lenght, but just one
   lenght. Besides the box containing the straws and radiator has been
   changed.  Here is the new geometrical tree:

     MOTHER              SUBVOLUME NAME   DESCRIPTION
      TRDS                No subvolume     TRD external aluminum shell
      TRDT                No subvolume     TRD TOP and BOTTOM aluminum cover
      TRDB                                 TRD Box, internal gas volume
                          TRBS             TRd Box for Sraw, contains the 32
                                           straws and a radiator "pillow" on
                                           top
                          TRRA             TRd RAdiator, just one extra plane
                                           on top of the TRD straw pyramid
     TRBD                 TRSO             TRd Straw Out, external mylar straw
                                           tube, 32 volumes placed on two
                                           shifted line
                          TRRA             TRd RAdiator, placed on top of
                                           these two straw layers
     TRSO                 TRSI             TRd Straw Internal, internal gas
                                           volume
  Please note that the TRBS geometry is now totally changed. The two
  straw layers aren't placed on the middle of the volume anymore. They are
  placed on the bottom of the TRBS, this to accomodate more easly a
  geometry with a double radiator layer on top and no radiator on bottom.

  Sets and detectors definition have been updated with the new structure.

NEW geometry for the MAGNET
  The magnet geometry has been reviewed diminuishing the internal window.

NEW geometry for CALORIMETER
  The calorimeter structure has been "rationalized". All the different
  possibilities of having a block or a full plane structure and the
  division inside each block, have been thrown away. There is now a
  basic block consituted of a 8x12 cm^2 silicon paddle, divided in 22
  stripes. This because the three 8x8cm^2 silicon blocks will be bound
  with stripes having one and an half lenght of the basic block.

  Besides there are no more X & Y planes but a single plane type that,
  once rotated and turned over, plays the role of the Y view plane. This
  configuration is more easy to handle for the PAMELA calorimeter case,
  where the first plane is just a Y one and the last one a X.

  In detail, the way in wich the geometry for the calorimeter is
  calculated and definited:
  - The box height is subdivided in NPLAN division
  - This height is reduced by the height of the absorber
  - The result is divided by two, this represent the height of an active
    plane: CAPL
  - The calorimeter silicon paddles, CASI are placed into
    CAPL.
  - The calorimeter box is filled with CASI, rotated and flipped
    for Y view, interleaved with the absorber.

NEW hit added for the calorimeter
  The momemtum module has been added as hit for the calorimeter too.
  All the routines have been changed consequently.

NEW geometry for the TRACKER.
  The tracker geometry has been changed. In particular the ladder
  supports are now two carbon fiber rods placed on the left and right
  sided of each ladder. The roacell and kapton plane have been
  eliminated.

NEW parameter for the TRACKER digitization
  Paolo updated the tracker DIGIt parameter using the ones calculated on
  the basis of the PSI test beam.
  Some small bugs in the digitization routines have been fixed as well.

NEW detectors quote.
  Each detector has now the quote from the mechanical drawings. There is
  no more autocalculation of these position. In particulare the quotes are:
   ZS11 =107.8
   ZS12 =106.8
   ZS13 =74.9
   ZS14 =74.1
   ZS21 =27.1
   ZS22 =26.3
   ZS3  =2.3
   ZCAT =75.75
   ZTRD =90.55
   ZSPEC=50.6
   ZCAL =13.05
  These are the quote of the MARS of each detectors, means that half
  detector height has been added to each quote.

NEW top shell
  The top shell is no more a sphere but is a flat cylinidrical plane.

NEW variables usefull for the geometry definition
  In particular the gep between the top shell and the TRD box is user
  definited in the variable GAPTOP.
  Is also possible to define the gap between the bottom TRD plane and
  the TRD box: GAPTRD.
  To keep into count the dead zone at the edge of the calorimeter paddle
  is it possible to start subdividing the calorimeter paddle into NCASTR
  stripes starting from CASIOFF centimeters from the paddle edge.
  Is it also possible to define the number of calo stripes to be used:
  NCASTR; and their width:CALSTWID.

NEW CAS and CAT geometry
  The CAT geometry has been reviewed. Just smaller paddle has been used.
  The CAS are now placed horizontally.

NEW Magnetic field map
  The new magnet definition has also a new magnetic field that Paolo calculated

 6 Mar. 1997, Bari

NEW geometry for TOF
  The TOF geometry has been updated. The volume name are the same of
  the proposal. Besides the paddle structure has been considered with the
  carbon fiber planes that should consitute the mechanical structure
  of the plane. Each plane but S3 should be composed of N paddle along X
  or Y and a top and bottom layer of carbon fiber to stiffen the
  structure. For the name we have used the proposal name for the mother box,
  the subvolume are named as follow:
    MOTHER               SUBVOLUME NAME
     S11                  S11X , Scint paddle
                          SC11 , Carbon fiber plane
     S12                  S12Y , Scint paddle
                          SC12 , Carbon fiber plane
     S13                  S13X , Scint paddle
                          SC13 , Carbon fiber plane
     S14                  S14Y , Scint paddle
                          SC14 , Carbon fiber plane
     S21                  S21Y , Scint paddle
                          SC21 , Carbon fiber plane
     S22                  S22X , Scint paddle
                          SC22 , Carbon fiber plane
     S3                   No subvolumes

  Please note that we saved the direction of measurement for the paddle name.
  The S3 is leaved as a big scint paddle without any segmentation.
  The number of paddle for each plane has been added into the common. So the
  variables: NS11X,NS12Y,NS13X,NS14Y,NS21Y,NS22X; contain the number of each
  Snnd (nn: number, d: direction) detector for each plane.
  The $GPGEO sequence has been changed accordingly.
  Please note that the Snnd volume dimention are automatically calculated
  using the Snn, SCnn dimentions and the number of paddle to be positioned
  inside the Snn. As usual these calculation are preformed in GPDAT.
  The quote for each Snn has been added into the GPGEO common as well.

HIT and CWN revised for TOF
  The time of flight and momentum infos for the tracking particles have
  been added. The routine GPUTOF has a new input variable with the
  time-of-flight, this quantities has been added as hit no. 8. The module
  of the momentum has been added as hit no. 10. This is taken directly
  from the VECT array in GPUTOF. The TOF structure is now:
      DATA CHTOF/'XAVE','YAVE','ZAVE','XOUT','YOUT','ZOUT',
     +           'EREL','TIME','PATH','IPAR','P0  '/

  The CWN booking and filling has been revised as well. In particulare
  the CWN variables for TOF block have been merged into a big vector
  contining all the TOF hits infos.

  The GPDTOF routine has been created from the previous separated
  routine used for TOFT, TOFM, TOFB. This routine is now just filling in
  the CWN variables.

28 May. 1996, Bari
BUG FIXED IN GPUSED
  The Paolo's stragling was not activated because the code checked on IFL
  variable instead of IMEC one. Fixed.

27 May. 1996, Bari
::::::::> VERSION NUMBER UPDATED <::::::::
  The version number has been updated in its level part: 1.01/01, is the
  actual version.
22 May. 1996, Bari
::::::::> VERSION NUMBER UPDATED <::::::::
  The version number has been updated in its release part: 1.01/00, is the
  actual version.
 2 May - 22 May 1996, Bari
BUG FIXED IN CREAGPXINT.COM
  The CREATE command in this OPEN-VMS command file was used after an IF
  statements on a new line, this caused the command to wait for a Ctrl-Z to
  exit, hunging up all the procedure.
TWO NEW KUMACS ADDED
  To facilitate the GPAMELA executable build up two new MACROS have been
  added: GPLIB, GPEXE.
  The first one creates a GPLIB.OLB file containing all the GPAMELA routines
  but GPMAIN.
  The second create a GPAMELA.FOR with GPMAIN and all the routines stored in
  the CMZ decklist buffer. If you specify the option USER=Y at the GPEXE
  macro it will add all the user's action routines to your buffer. Please note
  that this last macro, will create the CREAGP.COM file containing all the dcl
  procedures to link GPAMELA, in particular the /INCLUDE option is mandatory in
  the link command to avoid the dummy GEANT user routines, i.e. GUKINE, to be
  linked instead of the GPAMELA ones.

CUSTOM STRAGLING ADDED TO GEANT CODE
  After a number of test and an "official" confirmation we reach the conclusion
  that the GEANT code is not fine tuned for energy stragling in silicon.
  Following some references (in particular see: Hall, NIM 220 (1984) 356) Paolo
  developed a routine to add ad hoc stragling to the energy released in silicon.
  This is at the moment performed in the GPUSPE routine at the hit level.
  Before storing the his the routines uses the path length to calculate the
  gaussian spread to be used to convolve the usual Landau-like energy loss
  distribution.

SPECTROMETER DIGITIZATION ADDED
  Paolo Papini digitization for the spectrometer has been added.
  In GPDSPE a call to GPSPEHD performs the digitization of the HIT.
  GPSPEHD calculates the charge read out from each strip in both views.
  NOTE: Respect to the original Paolo's code the GEANT capability in storing
        and retriving the geometrical informations for each detector has been
        used. In this way one can change the geometrical definition for the
        spectrometer having small or no changes on the digitization code.
        You can select the original Paolo's code slecting the option PAOLO.

GPSTSPE SUBROUTINE UPDATED
  For the digitization routine we need to set up special tracking parameters.
  The specific routine has been updated  with the parameters needed.

DCUTESITR VARIABLE ADDED TO $GPSITR COMMON
  DCUTESITR variable was miss in $GPSITR common added.

SUBROUTINE GPRHIT UPDATE
  GPRHIT routine update to use GPRSHT. The first hit to be red has been added.
  All the calls to the GPRHIT routines have been updated as well.

SUBROUTINE GPRSHT ADDED
  This routine allows a hit retrival starting from a specific hit. Basically it
  is a modified version of GFHITS with an extra parameter, the first hit to be
  started with. It is useful if one needs to retrive the structure hit by hit.

INTEGER FUNCTION GPNHIT ADDED
  An integer function GPNHIT has been added to count the number of hits
  stored in the HITS structure for CSET set and CDET detector.

UGINIT ROUTINE UPDATED
  UGINIT routine has been updated to call GPADIGI.

$GPSPE COMMON AND GPHBK UPDATED
  The common /GPSPE/ containing the spectrometer infos passed to the CWN has
  been updated with the DIGIT data.
  The booking touyine, GPHBK, has been updated as well.

GPSDINI UPDATED
  The GPSDINI routine has been update to use the newly creted commons.
  Besides the UDSPE vector contining the digitization user's parameters has
  been added, The vector length NUDSPE, i.e. the number of digitzation user's
  parameters, has been added as parameter in $GPPDIGI sequence.

COMMONS $GPDIGI, $GPDDIGI, $GPPDIGI, $GPDSPE, $GPDDSPE, ADDED
  The commons $GPDIGI, $GPDDIGI, $GPPDIGI, $GPDSPE, $GPDDSPE have been added.
  They contains the DIGI definition and bit length, for each instruments (only
  spectrometer filled at the moment), the DATA statements for the GPDIGI
  common, the parameters for the DIGI part, the DIGI parameters and quantities
  for the spectrometer, the DATA statements for the GPDSPE common.

USER'S PARAMETERS STORED IN DIGI STRUCTURE
  At the moment the following 19 user's parameter have been stored in the DIGI
  structure, please note that the conversion factors are store at first, in
  this way you can retrive them more easily with GFDETU:
  ADCX  , Conversion factor charge to ADC channels for X view
  ADCY  , Conversion factor charge to ADC channels for X view
  PIEDX , Pedestal for X view, in ADC channels
  PIEDY , Pedestal for Y view, in ADC channels
  ENOISX, Noise for X view, in electrons
  ENOISY, Noise for Y view, in electrons
  NPCHXY, Number of point along X and Y for integeration
  NPCHZ , Number of point along Z for integeration
  WXSTR , Strip width in X view
  WYSTR , Strip width in Y view
  D     , Silicon height
  TVX   , Diffusion temperature (Volt), X view
  TVY   , Diffusion temperature (Volt), Y view
  UD    , Volt (junction)
  UU    , Volt (external)
  PX1   , C1-x
  PX2   , C2-X
  PY1   , C1-Y
  PY2   , C2-Y

NEW SUBROUTINE GPSDINI ADDED
  GPSDINI routine calculates all the qunatities needed for the spectrometer
  digitization routines. It calculates the capacitive coupling integrals and
  stores all the digitization constant, 19 at the moment, in the user reserved
  bank area in JSET bank.

NEW SUBROUTINE GPUDIGI ADDED
  To manage the user's action in GPADIGI the GPUDIGI subroutine has been
  created. It's called at the end of GPADIGI.

NEW SUBROUTINE GPADIGI ADDED
  To manage the DIGI definition for each instrument a new subroutine GPADIGI
  has been added. It is similar to GPHIT.
  Please note that the name is anomalus, it started with GPA, this is because a
  GPDIGI routine is used in GEANT code.

NEW FUNCTION GPGAUS ADDED
  A new real function GPGAUS have been added to generate normal distributed
  random number, with unitary standard deviation and centered on zero.

 2 May. 1996, Bari
GPFIL CALL MOVED IN UGINIT SUBROUTINE AND GPDUNIT ADDED
  To enable the user file name and LUNIT to be used opening the HBOOK file, the
  GPFIL call has been moved after the GFFGO one.
  To avoid the user filename to be overwritten, the sequence GPDUNIT has been
  moved from GPDAT to UGINIT.

NEW DATA CARD ADDED. TO MANAGE HBOOK FILE NAME
  To define a user HBOOK file name a new data card has been added: HBFI.
  The card must be used with an '*' preceding it. The user must specifies the
  Logical Unit number to be used.
  Please note that the max string length for file name is 80 characters.
  This card overwrites the default GPAMELA.HIS name on LUNIT=34. See $INFORM
  for card usage.

30 Apr. 1996, Bari
BUG FIXED IN GUFLD
  A bug in GUFLD cause the magnetic filed to be interbolated with steps of 0.5
  cm instead of 2cm, along the Z axis. Fixed.

30 Apr. 1996, Bari
::::::::> VERSION NUMBER UPDATED <::::::::
  The version number has been updated in its level part: 1.00/03, is the actual
  version.

30 Apr. 1996, Bari
USER ACTION IN SOME ROUTINES
  A user action has been enabled in several routine via user's dummy routines.
  The new routines added are: GPUDAT, GPUFFR, GPUFIL, GPUGEO, GPUHBK, GPUHIT,
  GPUINI, GPUKIN, GPULAS, GPUMAT, GPUMED, GPUOUT, GPUSED, GPUSTEP, GPUTRA,
  GPUTRE.
  The control is passed from the following routines: GPDAT, GPFFR, GPFIL,
  GPGEO, GPHBK, GPHIT, UGINIT, GUKINE, UGLAST, GPMAT, GPMED, GUOUT, GPSED,
  GUSTEP, GUTRAK, GUTREV.
  Routines: GPUKIN, GPUSTEP, GPUTRA, GPUTRE, are called twice in the main
  routine. A flag is passed with value 1 or 2 depending on the call sequence.
  More detailes in the routines' comment.

29 Apr. 1996, Bari
GSCIN ROUTINE RENAMED
  The GSCIN routine, to set the special tracking parameter for scintilators,
  has the same name of an inner GEANT routine, not reported in the manual (!).
  This routine has been renamed to GPSCINT now.

BUG FIXED IN GUSTEP
  Sometimes a particle is stopped by GEANT having an energy released in the
  step. In GUSTEP the mechanisms LOSS and STOP were looked for in a
  complementary way causing mainly a delta ray stopped having an energy release
  to not be counted in the hit.
  Now a particle is considered for the hit filling if:
  1. Ionization present
  2. Particle stopped for Electrons (Delta)
  3. Ionization present and particle stopped for Electrons (Delta).

BUG FIXED IN GPHBK
  The IMTPAR and IBTPAR were mistyped in defining TOFM and TOFB blocks.

BUG FIXED IN GPMED
  The tracking parameters were not backuped for each material separately.
  So if a parameter was changed once the changed one was used in the folowing
  calls to GPMED.
  Now each parameter has is own tracking parameter set.

MODS IN GPMED
  Now only parameters selected with the AUTM data cards are passed as negative.

NEW DATA CARDS ADDED
  To manage the tracking parameter 6 new data cards have been added:
  AUTM, TMAX, STMA, DEMA, EPDI, STMI.
  With AUTM is possible to tag tracking parameter for automatic calculation in
  GEANT regardless of AUTO value, i.e. they are passed negative to GSTMED.
  With the cards TMAX, STMAX, DEMA, EPDI, STMI is possible to pass the value
  for the respective tracking parameter: TMAXFD, STEMAX, DEEMAX, EPSIL, STMIN.
  (See GEANT manual at CONS200-1).
  See $INFO patchy for usage examples.
15 Apr. 1996, Bari
::::::::> VERSION NUMBER UPDATED <::::::::
  The version number has been updated in its level part: 1.00/02, is the actual
  version.

 5 Apr. 1996, Bari

NEW DATA CARD ADDED: HPAK
  To select a specific hadronic intercation program a new data card ha been
  added: HPAK. Specifing: HPAK 'FLUK'; in your .FFR file, you will select the
  FLUKA package for the hadronic interaction.

USER HADRONIC ROUTINES ADDED
  The routines: GUPHAD, GUHADR; have been added into /GPAMELA directory.
  These routine are called every time there is an hadronic intercation. Action
  to control hadronic process can be performed in these routines.

BUGS FIXED IN GUKINE
  The two +SELF statement required to select the non interactive or debug state
  had a bad logic. Fixed.

BUG FIXED IN GPDCAL
  The NUMD1 and NUMV1 vectors, required in case of the NO stripes division,
  were declared REAL instead of INTEGER.

 4 Apr. 1996, Bari

GPDAT UPDATED
  The GPDAT routines has been upadate to use the GPLOOK function and the
  routines to manage the special tracking parameters. I hope is more clean now.

NEW SUBROUTINES ADDED.
  The following desks have been added: GPAMELA/GPAL,GPAMELA/GPN2G,GPCAL/GPG10,
  GPCAL/GPW,GPCAL/GPSICA,GPSPE/GPFE,GPSPE/GPKAP,GPSPE/GPROA,GPSPE/GPCP,
  GPSPE/GPSITR,GPTRD/GPTRAD,GPTRD/GPXE,GPTOF/GPSCIN,GPCHE/GPAER.
  These to manage the Special tracking parameter for each detector. The user
  have to change the parameter in these routines now.

NEW FUNCTION GPLOOK ADDED
  This function is TRUE if a 4 letter string is found into an integer
  vector. Is a mask on GLOOK.

NEW HIT ADDED, PARTICLE NUMBER
  To help in studing the interaction inside the TOF, the anticoincidence
  detectors and the delta rays productions inside the TRD a new word in the
  HITS structures for this detector. It is the particle number.
  It is added at the end of the structure. No compression have been requested.

GPUxxx AND GPDxxx ROUTINES REVIEWED
  To accomodate the enlarged hit structure for some detectros the GPUxxx
  routines are now called with and extra input word. The CALL sequnece and
  the SUBROUTINEs definition have been changed. The change being implemented
  on all the GPUxxx routines foreseeing a possible use of the particle numbers
  for the other detectors.
  Just the GPDxxx routines corresponding to the detector with the new hits
  structure have been changerd.

GPHBK ROUTINE AND $GPTOF, $GPTRD, $GPCAS AND $GPCAT COMMONS UPDATED
  The CWN structure has been updated including the id number of the particle
  producing the hit. This has been done for TOF, CAT, CAS and TRD detectors.
  The common storing the CWN variables have been updated as well.

 3 Apr. 1996, Bari
NEW VOLUME CONTROL ADDED TO NDET DATA CARD
  With NDET data card is now possible to eliminate the inner shell, SHEI.
  As usual NDET 'SHEI', will cancel the SHEI and TSHI volumes from the
  simulation. The $INFORM patchy has been updated as well.

INNER SHELL ADDED
  To simulate the inner shell, to vent PAMELA, proposed by russian guys two
  volumes have been added: TSHI, SHEI.
  The latter being a tube, having the same height of the external one but
  a radius 2cm smaller. The former being a dome sector having the same radius
  of the external one but the lower opening angle of just 5degree.
  The shells thickness have been set to 0.1cm. As for TSHE case the maximum
  theta angle of the spherical sector and its position inside PAME is
  calculated on the base of SHEI dimention.

GEOMETRY REVIEWED
  The shell thickness was 1cm, corrected to 0.1cm.
  The CAS X&Y positions were calculated on the base of CATB dimentions; they
  are now calculated on the base of the CAS dimentions. In this way the
  anticoincidence counters are placed around the spectrometer and there is no
  uncovered space between them.
  The quote of the top tof is now calculated not counting the cherenkov if
  this ddetector is not requested.

 2 Apr. 1996, Bari
NEW VOLUME ADDED
  The TSHE volume has been added. It's the satellite dome.
  At the moment the radius is 130mm. The opening angle is calculated on the
  base of SHEL volume dimentions.

UPDATED GDRAWS ROUTINE ADDED
  To draw a spherical sector an updated GDRAWS routine to draw SPHE volume have
  been added into /GPAMELA directory. Respect to the standard routine is able
  to draw spherical segment.

28 Mar. 1996, Bari
BUG FIXED IN GPSED
  In defining the TRD detectors the TRSn volume mane were used instead of the
  actual TBSn to specify the TrdBoxStraw

BUGS FIXED IN GPDTOFx
  In these routines the NTHTPADx variables have been substituted by NTHTOFx.
  The latter being the actual variables use to book the CWN-tple.

BUGS FIXED IN GPHBK
  The ERCAT & ERCAS variables where mistyped in ERRCAT & ERRCAS. Bugs fixed.

BUG FIXED IN GPSED
  The bin to be used to store the detector number CASI and CSNW were calculate
  from the NCASIX*NCASIY number. The actual number is twice the latter because
  we have X & Y view. Now the number of bins is calculated from 2*NCASIX*NCASIY

27 Mar. 1996, Bari
BUGS FIXED IN GPDxxx
  In the GPD routines referring to set zith multiple detector a bug was
  found. The hits were read shifted by the number of hits of the previous
  detector. This end-up with an abnormal number of zeros, and to the absence
  of certain detector numbers.

25 Mar. 1996, Bari
BUG FIXED IN GUFLD
  The GUFLD routine calculate the magnetic field in a volume with all the
  coordinates positive, then calculate the actual field mirroing the field
  component. To actual position is compared to a grid of not decimal value.
  This comparison were made using the actual position value not the absolute
  value. This have been fixed now.

WARNING PRINTOUT IN GPDxxx AND GPRHIT
  The warning printouts have been update adding the run and event number, in
  the GPDxxx and GPRHIT routine.

20 Mar. 1996, Bari
COMPILATION WARNING REDUCED
  The GPDxxx routine have been modified to avoid IF acting on parameter.
  The IF is used to check a remote error on SET and DET definition.
  The IF acts on two integer now. This will avoid the compilation warnings.
LINK WARNING REDUCED
  More dummy routine added in CRAGPXINT to simulate some MULTINET routines.
  The errors now are reducet to one warning linking the no-MULTINET case.

19 Mar. 1996, Bari
LINK WARNING REDUCED
  The CREAGPXINT VMS script has been modified.
  The CERNLIB command parameter sequence has been modified and the undefined
  symbols errors on PACKLIB reduced to 1 for MULTINET case, and to the MULTINET
  related routine to the non multinet one.

BUG FIND IN GUSTEP IN LOOKING FOR THE MECHANISM ACTIVE
  The NAMEC vector in GCTRAK common doesn't contain the "list of the mechanism
  name for the current step", as they say, besides just the list of the names.
  So you need to look at LMEC vector to have the correct mechanisms active in
  the step.

MANAGMENT OF DELTA RAYS IN GUSTEP
  The delta ray were not collected in GUSTE. This because in GUSTEP we look for
  an ioniwation only. The energy of the delta is so low that they survive for
  justr a couple of step. The first one being a NULL one ( just entering the
  volume), in the second one the particle energy falling below threshold so
  having just the STOP mechanism active.
  Now if there is an electron and a positron and the STOP mechanism is present
  the IN varible is set to 2 to force the hit storage.

BUGS FOUND IN GPDCAL & GPUCAL
  In GPDCAL the last hit was retrived from the seventhn word of the vector VHIT
  Instead of the fourth.
  In GPUCAL the GSCHIT was called with 4 as latest hits to be summed up. This
  caused all the 4 hits to be summed up, the correct value for this is 1.

NEW MATERIAL DEFINITED: SILICON CA
  Due to the fact that we can select special parameter in GEANT for each
  tracking media, more tracking media cannot refer to the same material.
  Infact GEANT will append the special parameter to the material structure. Due
  to this two materials have been definited for the tracker and the calorimeter
  silicon: SILICON CA, SILICON TR.
  The SILICON TR has the number 21 and 22 the other. The tracking media
  corresponding to this materials now point to each material separately.
  The new material numbers are:
  17. Plast. sci: H 50%, C 50%  , Rho=1.032 g/cm**3 from P.D.Book
  18. G10       : SiO2 60%, Epoxy 40%, Rho=1.7 g/cm**3 from P.D.Book
                  Epoxy from CRC handbook (Raw estimation)
  19. N2 (Gas)  : A=14.01, Z=7, Rho=1.25 g/l
  20. Silicon TR: A=28.09, Z=14,Rho=2.33 g/cm**3, X0=9.36 from P.D.Book
  21. Silicon CA: A=28.09, Z=14,Rho=2.33 g/cm**3, X0=9.36 from P.D.Book
  22. Xenon     : A=131.29, Z=54,Rho=5.858 g/l, X0=1447.6cm from P.D.Book
  23. TRD rad.  : Carbon fiber with density 0.060 g/cm**3, used in TS93
  24. Aerogel   : A=96.11, Z=54 (Comp. n(SiO2)+2n(H2O)), Rho=.2g/cm**3 (Ave.),
                  X0=150 cm, from P.D.Book

CALO HITS STRUCTURE CHANGED AGAIN
  The calorimeter set 'CAL ' have been definited and two detector in it:
  'CAST', 'CASN'. Corresponding to the strip in the plane with and without
  tungsten respectively.
  The routine GPSED, GPHIT, GUSTEP, GPDCAL have been updated.

TRD GEOMETRY UPDATED
  The TRD has a new geometry. There are three different straw lenghts.
  Besides the 32 straws set are 6x4, 5x4, 4x4, starting from the top.
  So the volume TRBS, TRSO, TRSI, TRRA have been deleted and the TBSx, TSOx,
  TSIx, TRAx (x being 1,2,3 respectively) have been created.
  The set structure has been revised as well. The set 'TRD ' has been left
  but tree detector have been definited for this set.
  The corresponding identifier in /GPSED/ common have been created.
  The routines GPTRDV, GPDTRD, GPSED, GPHIT have been updated to the new
  geometry.

14 Mar. 1996, Bari
TRACKING MEDIA PARAMETER UPDATED FOR SICA, W AND G10 MEDIA
  The tracking media parameter STEMAX has been set to .5 for SICA and .15 for W
  and G10 following the M. Masini & M.P. De PAscale suggestion.

CHANGES IN GPTMED ROUTINE
  To allow the automatic calculation of non critical parameters for tracking
  media, the tracking media default value, initialized in GPDAT, have been
  turned to negative value. In this way they are automatically calculated by
  GEANT also if you select AUTO 0.

DATA CARD SPTM ADDED TO MANAGE SPECIAL TRACKING PARAMETER
  To manage the special tracking parameter definition the SPTM card have been
  added. As usual specifying a tracking material as data card argument will
  force an action in GPDAT. Here the SPTM data words are scanned and the
  parameter for the selected medium are changed.
  SPTM option are: 'AL  ', 'G10 ', 'N2G ', 'W   ', 'FE  ', 'KAP ', 'TRAD',
  'ROA ', 'CP  ', 'SCIN', 'SICA', 'SITR', 'XE  ', 'AER '.
  NOTE: The parameter must been CHARACTER*4

SPECIAL TRACKING PARAMETER MANAGEMENT
  To manage different settings of tracking parameter specialized for each
  tracking media a routine has been added: GPSPTM; and a common as
  well:/GPSPTM/. (In //GPAMELA/GPAMELA and //GPAMELA/GPCDES respectivelly)
  In the sequence $GPDSPTM all the available GEANT tracking media parameter are
  initializated to -111., for all the 14 media definited in GPAMELA.
  In GPDAT these parameter are changed. In GPSPTM the GSTPAR GEANT routine is
  called only if the corrisponding parameter to be changed is different from
  -111.
  For the moment only the SICA and W media has been changed following M. Masini
  & M.P. De Pascale suggestions.

13 Mar. 1996, Bari
HOUSEKEEPING OF CALO ROUTINES
  Some bugs were found into GPCALV. The Y view plane is now rotated,
  wasn't before.

CHERENKOV DETECTOR MOVED
  The CHE variable has been forced to FALSE in GPDAT. This will cause
  the skiping of all the CHE definition.

MAX NUMBER OF HITS CHANGED
  The max number of hits to be retrived for each detector is changed.
  It's no more the same but the calorimeter, now the GPPHIT sequence
  contains the NHMxxx parameter, xxx being the detector name. Thie paremeter
  is used in the corresponding GPDxxx routine and stored into the generic NHM
  variable.
  The CWN definition in GPHBK routine has been changed accordingly.

CALO HITS STRUCTURE CHANGED
  GEANT doesn't understand if two detector with the same name depend from
  sets. It just doesn't consider them detectors. This is the case for CASI or
  CAST in CAL and CANW.
  Now a new detector has been introduced CANW to describe the NO tungsten
  calorimeter plane case.

12 Mar. 1996, Bari
HCNW DATA CARD ADDED
  A data card to control the CWN booking and filling has been added.
  HCWN 1
  will enable the CWN booking and filling of the group corresponding to the
  detector in use.
  This measn that the CWN will not be enable for the detector deleted with the
  NDET card.
  The DATA card check is performed in GPDAT. The UGINIT, GPHB, GUOUT, UGLAST
  routines has been updated considering this new data card.

THE NCWN PARAMETER ADDED.
  The CWN number is now passed into a parameter filled up in the sequence
  GPPNTP. This sequence contains the record size and the number of the standard
  n-tple. The routine the n-tpla is called from are been updated as well, i.e.
  GPHBK, GPOUT.

SPETCROMETER DIMENTIONS CHANGED
  Following Paolo I have changed some magnet and tracker ladders dimentions.
  Here follow the changes:
  SPEB/12.1,11.6,0./,MGPL/12.1,11.6,4./,MGPI/8.1,7.1,4./,TRPB/12.1,11.6,0.4/
  TRPL/8.,7.,0.4/,TRSL/0.,7.,0./,TSPA/0.,3.5,0.015/,TSKP/2.6666,7.,0.0025/
  TRCP/8.,7.,0.015/,TRRP/8.,7.,0.25/,NTRSL/3/

11 Mar. 1996, Bari
HITS STRUCTURE FILL UP CHANGED
  The HIT structure is now filled only if there is an ionization loss into the
  corresponding detector.
  The SAVE logical ha been added to all the GPUxxx routines. This is switched
  TRUE if an ionization has been encountered.
  This action to avoid the gamma to be counted.

MAGNET DIMENTIONS UPDATED
  The magnet dimentions have been updated following Paolo Papini update.
  Here are the new dimentions: SPEB/12.1,11.6,0./,MGPL/12.1,11.6,4./,
  MGPI/8.1,7.1,4./,TRPB/12.1,11.6,0.35/

28 Feb. 1996, Bari-Rome
REVIEW OF THE HITS RETRIVAL PROCEDURE
  The GIUDIGI routine has been created. There is a call for each instrument.
  The corresponding routines are named GPDxxx, xxx being the detector name.
  Each routine simply call GPRHIT, a genral pourpuse routine that retrives the
  hit structure corresponding to the IS-th and ID-th set and detector.
  Each routine needs the GPRHIT sequence containing the arrays to be passed to
  the GPRHIT routine.
  The GPPHIT sequence has been updated adding new parameter to fiw the maximum
  number of hits to be read for each detector.
  The GPHBK routine has been changed accordingly.

21 Feb. 1996, Bari
CHANGE IN CAL HIT STRUCTURE
  After the GPAMELA meeting in Bari, the CAL hist structure have been reduced.
  Due to the great number of tracks we will be deling with following an e.m.
  shower, is it convinient to have just the XYZ coordinates of the origin of
  the detector, i.e. the strip, instead of the IN and OUT coord.
  The Path lenght is meaningless as well.

GPHBK UPDATES & HBOOK CWN SEQUENCE ADDED
  The GPTOFT, GPTOFM, GPTOFB, GPCHE, GPTRD, GPCAT, GPCAS, GPSPE, GPCAL
  sequences have been added. These commons conting the variable to be stored
  into the standard CWN ntple filled by GPAMELA.
  The GPHBK routine have been updated accordling, both INTER and -INTER cases
  have been considered.

20 Feb. 1996, Bari
NEW SEQUENCES ADDED.
  THE GPCDES/$GPUNIT & $GPDUNIT, have been added.
  The commons contining the logical unit numbers and the file name for all the
  files open from GPAMELA have been stored.

16 Feb. 1996, Bari
MAGNETIC FIELD ADDED
  The GPFIELD patchy has been added. The GUFLD routine as well.
  This routine call FIN3 to interpolated the mangetic field value red from the
  GPFIELD.MAP. This file is red into GPDAT routine, it's opened into GPFIL and
  closed in GULAST.

13 Feb. 1996, Bari
CALO DIVISION AND CONTROL CARD ADDED
  To create calorimeter divisions a DATA CARD word is checked. Using:
  GEOM 'DCAL'
  will force the CALDIV variable in /GPKEY/ to TRUE and the CASI detector,
  CAlorimeter SIlicon paddle, will be divided into NCALSTR division along X
  axis.
  The new volume will be called CAST, CAlorimeter STrip.

12 Feb. 1996, Bari
NEW VOLUME ADDED
  To correctly simulate the aluminium shell the SHEL volume has been added with
  the previous PAME dimention. The PAME volume is now a full tube filled uo
  with nitrogen.

8  Feb. 1996, Bari
NEW CALORIMETER GEOMETRY
  After the PAMELA week in Dec. 95 the calorimeter geometry has been changend.
  No more two silicon layer glued back to back and place into a ceramic support
  but a sandwich of two G10 planes interleaved with a radiator, tungsten, plate
  supports two planes of silicon "chips". The Y view is place on the top of
  this layer and the X on the back. This simplifies the calorimeter geometry
  gratly. It is now definited just one volume, CASI, for the silicon 6x6 cm^2
  chip. These volumes are place on the top and back sandwich plane into che
  CAPL volume that simulate a clorimeter plane.
  Due to the still indefined number of chips for each plane two variable, NCISX
  and NCISY, have been definited to fix the number of si chips along X and Y
  dimentions respectively. The CAPL, CALB volume dimentions are calculate
  accordling. Besides the variable DCASIX & DCASIY have been introduced to take
  care of the distance between two chip along X and Y view.

CAS VARIABLE NAME CHANGED
  The name of the vector with the side anticoincidence counters, CAS, have been
  changed from CAS to CASP

NEW ROUTINES FOR CAS AND CAT GEOMETRY DEFINITION
  The CAT and CAS, anticoincidence counters, volume definition have been moved
  from GPTOFV routine to GPCATV and GPCASV, brand new routines. In this way is
  much more easy to exclude these detectors from the simulation (see NEW KEY
  "NDET" DEFINITED note).

NEW KEY "NDET" DEFINITED
  A new user data card has been definited: NDET.
  Its action is to exclude single detector from the simulation.
  It has 7 values: TOF, CHE, TRD, CAT, CAS, SPE, CAL.
  NOTE. This has to be character*4 !!!!!!
  Usage:
  NDET 'TOF ' 'SPE '
  the previous line in the DATA CAD file, will exclude from the simulation the
  TOF, TOP, MIDDLE and BOTTOM ones, and the whole spectrometer, i.e. silicon
  ladders and magnet planes.
  Please note, for the SPE case the magnetic field is not excluded, the MAGN
  data card is responsible for switching on or off the magnetic field.

7  Feb. 1996, Bari
MATERIAL AND TRACKING MEDIA ADDENDUM
  More material definited and tracking media correspondly.
  For general comment see the 6th of Feb. HISTORY.
  Please note, for the moment the KAPTON, ROACELL and CARBON FIBER materials
  are substituted by scintillator.
  Here follows the updated list:

  17. Plast. sci: H 50%, C 50%  , Rho=1.032 g/cm**3 from P.D.Book
  18. G10       : SiO2 60%, Epoxy 40%, Rho=1.7 g/cm**3 from P.D.Book
                  Epoxy from CRC handbook (Raw estimation)
  19. N2 (Gas)  : A=14.01, Z=7, Rho=1.25 g/l
  20. Silicon   : A=28.09, Z=14,Rho=2.33 g/cm**3, X0=9.36 from P.D.Book
  21. Xenon     : A=131.29, Z=54,Rho=5.858 g/l, X0=1447.6cm from P.D.Book
  22. TRD rad.  : Carbon fiber with density 0.060 g/cm**3, used in TS93
  23. Aerogel   : A=96.11, Z=54 (Comp. n(SiO2)+2n(H2O)), Rho=.2g/cm**3 (Ave.),
                  X0=150 cm, from P.D.Book

  The left numbers are the materiale namber has declared to GEANT.

  Tracking media:
  Not sensitive:
    1. ALUMINIUM
    2. G10
    3. N2 GAS
    4. TUNGSTEN
    5. IRON
    6. KAPTON
    7. TRD RADIATOR
    8. ROACELL
    9. CARBON FIBER

  Sensitive:
    10. SCINTILLATOR
    11. SICALO
    12. SITRACKER
    13. XENON
    14. AEROGEL

6  Feb. 1996, Bari
NEW GEOMETRY DEFINITION
  After the PAMELA week the geometrical structure of the tracker has been
  modified. Is now possible to select the number of silicon paddle to be placed
  into a silicon ladder. The dimentions are scaled accordling. Change the
  NTRSL variable initialization into the deck //GPAMELA/GPCDES/GPDGEO,
  containing DATA statement for the geometry.

MATERIAL AND TRACKING MEDIA DEFINITION
  Some material has been definited, namely:

  17. Plast. sci: H 50%, C 50%  , Rho=1.032 g/cm**3 from P.D.Book
  18. G10       : SiO2 60%, Epoxy 40%, Rho=1.7 g/cm**3 from P.D.Book
                  Epoxy from CRC handbook (Raw estimation)
  19. N2 (Gas)  : A=14.01, Z=7, Rho=1.25 g/l
  20. Silicon   : A=28.09, Z=14,Rho=2.33 g/cm**3, X0=9.36 from P.D.Book
  21. Xenon     : A=131.29, Z=54,Rho=5.858 g/l, X0=1447.6cm from P.D.Book

  The left numbers are the materiale namber has declared to GEANT.
  Tracking media have been definited as well:
  Not sensitive:
    1. ALUMINIUM
    2. G10
    3. N2 GAS
    4. TUNGSTEN
    5. IRON
  Sensitive:
    6. SCINTILLATOR
    7. SICALO
    8. SITRACKER
    9. XENON

  The numbers are the tracking media ones.
  The tracking media parameter has been initialized into GPDAT routine but
  EPSIL. This is a critical parameter and define the tracking precision. M.
  Boezio suggested to set it as 1% of the volume thickness. This is way this
  parameter is set directly into GPMED routine, where the tracking media are
  definited. Please note that for the aluminium the value of 10 microns have
  been used.
  Here there are the tracking parameter used as user default:
      FIELDM = 40.
      TMAXFD = 1.
      STEMAX = 100.
      DEEMAX = 0.05
      STMIN = 0.0005
  The FFIELD variable, switching ON or OFF the magnetic field, is definited via
  the DATA card MAGN

28 Nov. 1995, Gran Sasso
FILE ORGANIZATION
  The CMZ file GPAMELA has been created. The overall structure of $HISTORY,
  $INFORM, $VERSION and the pilot patchy *GPAMELA has been created.